Characterization, Symbolism, and Repetition in Hundred Years of Solitud

Portrayal, Symbolism, and Repetition in One Hundred Years of Solitudeâ â The names of characters frequently recommend something about their characters, either clearly or incidentally. Garcia Marquez’s One Hundred Years of Solitude, Prudencio Aguilar is not one or the other judicious nor falcon like (aguila signifies hawk in Spanish).â Repetition of names and practices is another method of portrayal. Certain character types, e.g., the scrutinizing, difficult man, or the hasty, intense man, the patient and supporting lady, etc, are spoken to by more than one individual in the few ages of the Buendia family. All the Jose Arcadios, for instance, are accepted to have probably a portion of the characteristics of the first Jose Arcadio Buendia (careless and intense), and all the Aurelianos share something for all intents and purpose with Colonel Aureliano Buendia (inclination toward isolation and examination). The redundancies are not definite, yet the utilization of comparable names is one approach to recommend more about a character than is really sai d. There are likewise redundancies of specific practices, for instance, withdrawing oneself in a space for analyses or study. A few characters have trademark signs to recognize them. Models incorporate Pilar Ternera's snicker, Colonel Aureliano Buendia's lone look, Aureliano Segundo's luxury, Fernanda's consistent murmuring, etc. Physical portrayals are utilized sparingly, letting the peruser fill in the subtleties past such consensuses as thin or fat, wonderful, immense. A special case is made for Colonel Aureliano Buendia, who is by all accounts drawn from a particularly away from picture of the author's, like duplicated from a photo. A portion of the more breathtaking people are ... ...erodes the hub, until the entire framework, including both the steady endeavors to recharge Macondo and the proliferation of the Buendia family, separates.  Works Cited Chime Villada, Gene H. Garcia Marquez: The Man and His Work. House of prayer Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990. Griffin, Clive. The Humor of One Hundred Years of Solitude. In McGuirk and Cardwell, 81-94. James, Regina. Gabriel Garcia Marquez: Revolutions in Wonderland. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1981. McGuirk, Bernard and Richard Cardwell, edd. Gabriel Garcia Marquez: New Readings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987). Williams, Raymond L. Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Boston: Twayne, 1984. Wood, Michael. Survey of One Hundred Years of Solitude. In Critical Essays on Gabriel Garcia Marquez. McMurray, George R., ed. Boston: G. K. Corridor, 1987.

Functions on SAT Math Linear, Quadratic, and Algebraic

Capacities on SAT Math Linear, Quadratic, and Algebraic SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips SAT capacities have the questionable respect of being perhaps the trickiest subject on the SAT math area. Fortunately, this isn't on the grounds that work issues are intrinsically more hard to take care of than some other math issue, but since most understudies have essentially not managed works as much as they have other SAT math subjects. This implies the contrast between missing focuses on this apparently precarious point and acing them is just an issue of training and acclimation. What's more, taking into account that work issues by and large appear on normal of three to multiple times for every test, you will have the option to get a few more SAT math focuses once you know the principles and activities of capacities. This will be your finished manual for SAT capacities. We'll walk you through precisely what capacities mean, how to utilize, control, and recognize them, and precisely what sort of capacity issues you'll see on the SAT. What Are Functions and How Do They Work? Capacities are an approach to depict the connection among data sources and yields, regardless of whether in diagram structure or condition structure. It might assist with considering capacities like a sequential construction system or like a formula input eggs, margarine, and flour, and the yield is a cake. Frequently you'll see capacities composed as $f(x) =$ a condition, wherein the condition can be as mind boggling as a multivariable articulation or as straightforward as a whole number. Instances of capacities: $f(x) = 6$ $f(x) = 5x âˆ' 12$ $f(x) = x^2 + 2x âˆ' 4$ Capacities can generally be diagramed and various types of capacities will create diverse looking charts. On a standard facilitate diagram with tomahawks of $x$ and $y$, the contribution of the chart will be the $x$ esteem and the yield will be the $y$ esteem. Each info ($x$ esteem) can deliver just one yield, however one yield can have various information sources. At the end of the day, various information sources may deliver a similar yield. One approach to recall this is you can have numerous to one (numerous contributions to one yield), however NOT one to many (one contribution to numerous yields). This implies a capacity diagram can have conceivably numerous $x$-blocks, however only one $y$-catch. (Why? Since when the info is $x=0$, there must be one yield, or $y$ esteem.) A capacity with various $x$-catches. You can generally test whether a chart is a capacity diagram utilizing this comprehension of contributions to yields. On the off chance that you utilize the vertical line test, you can see when a chart is a capacity or not, as a capacity diagram won't hit more than one point on any vertical line. Regardless of where we draw a vertical line on our capacity, it will just converge with the chart a limit of one time. The vertical line test applies to each sort of capacity, regardless of what odd looking like. Indeed unusual looking capacities will consistently finish the vertical line assessment. However, any diagram that bombs the vertical line test (by converging with the vertical line more than once) is consequently NOT a capacity. This diagram isn't a capacity, as it bombs the vertical line test. An excessive number of obstructions in the method of the rising turns out to be too for capacities as it accomplishes for reality (or, in other words: not well by any means). Capacity Terms and Definitions Since we've seen what capacities do, we should discuss the bits of a capacity. Capacities are introduced either by their conditions, their tables, or by their diagrams (called the chart of the capacity). How about we take a gander at an example work condition and separate it into its segments. A case of a capacity: $f(x) = x^2 + 5$ $f$ is the name of the capacity (Note: we can call our capacity different names than $f$. This capacity is called $f$, yet you may see capacities composed as $h(x)$, $g(x)$, $r(x)$, or whatever else.) $(x)$ is the information (Note: for this situation our information is called $x$, however we can call our information anything. $f(q)$ or $f(strawberries)$ are the two capacities with the contributions of $q$ and strawberries, separately.) $x^2 + 5$ gives us the yield once we plug in the information estimation of $x$. An arranged pair is the coupling of a specific contribution with its yield for some random capacity. So for the model capacity $f(x) = x^2 + 5$, with a contribution of 3, we can have an arranged pair of: $f(x) = x^2 + 5$ $f(3) = 3^2 + 5$ $f(3) = 9+5$ $f(3) = 14$ So our arranged pair is $(3, 14)$. Requested matches likewise go about as directions, so we can utilize them to chart our capacity. Since we comprehend our capacity fixings, how about we perceive how we can assemble them. Various Types of Functions We saw before that capacities can have a wide range of various conditions for their yield. How about we take a gander at how these conditions shape their relating charts. Straight Functions A direct capacity makes a chart of a straight line. This implies, in the event that you have a variable on the yield side of the capacity, it can't be raised to a force higher than 1. For what reason is this valid? Since $x^2$ can give you a solitary yield for two distinct contributions of $x$. Both $âˆ'3^2$ and $3^2$ equivalent 9, which implies the chart can't be a straight line. Instances of direct capacities: $f(x) = x âˆ' 12$ $f(x) = 4$ $f(x) = 6x + 40$ Quadratic Functions A quadratic capacity makes a chart of a parabola, which implies it is a diagram that bends to open either up or down. It additionally implies that our yield variable will consistently be squared. The explanation our variable must be squared (not cubed, not taken to the intensity of 1, and so on.) is for a similar explanation that a direct capacity can't be squared-in light of the fact that two information esteems can be squared to deliver a similar yield. For instance, recollect that $3^2$ and $(âˆ'3)^2$ both equivalent 9. Hence we have two info esteems a positive and a negative-that give us a similar yield esteem. This gives us our bend. (Note: a parabola can't open side to side since it would need to cross the $y$-hub more than once. This, as we've just settled, would mean it was anything but a capacity.) This is certainly not a quadratic capacity, as it bombs the vertical line test. A quadratic capacity is frequently composed as: $f(x) = ax^2 + bx + c$ The $i a$ esteem reveals to us how the parabola is formed and the bearing in which it opens. A positive $i a$ gives us a parabola that opens upwards. A negative $i a$ gives us a parabola that opens downwards. An enormous $i a$ esteem gives us a thin parabola. A little $i a$ esteem gives us a wide parabola. The $i b$ esteem reveals to us where the vertex of the parabola is, left or right of the source. A positive $i b$ puts the vertex of the parabola left of the beginning. A negative $i b$ puts the vertex of the parabola right of the starting point. The $i c$ esteem gives us the $y$-block of the parabola. This is any place the chart hits the $y$-hub (and will just ever be one point). (Note: when $b=0$, the $y$-capture will likewise be the area of the vertex of the parabola.) Try not to stress if this appears to be a great deal to retain right now-with work on, understanding capacity issues and their parts will turn out to be natural. Need to become familiar with the SAT yet wore out on perusing blog articles? At that point you'll adore our free, SAT prep livestreams. Structured and driven by PrepScholar SAT specialists, these live video occasions are an incredible asset for understudies and guardians hoping to get familiar with the SAT and SAT prep. Snap on the catch underneath to enroll for one of our livestreams today! Run of the mill Function Problems SAT work issues will consistently test you on whether you appropriately comprehend the connection among sources of info and yields. These inquiries will by and large fall into four inquiry types: #1: Functions with given conditions #2: Functions with diagrams #3: Functions with tables #4: Nested capacities There might be some cover between the three classifications, however these are the primary topics you'll be tried on with regards to capacities. We should take a gander at some genuine SAT math instances of each sort. Capacity Equations A capacity condition issue will give you a capacity in condition frame and afterward request that you utilize at least one contributions to discover the yield (or components of the yield). So as to locate a specific yield, we should connect our given contribution for $x$ into our condition (the yield). So on the off chance that we need to discover $f(2)$ for the condition $f(x) = x + 3$, we would connect 2 for $x$. $f(x) = x + 3$ $f(2) = 2 + 3$ $f(2) = 5$ Along these lines, when our info $(x)$ is 2, our yield $(y)$ is 5. Presently how about we take a gander at a genuine SAT case of this sort: $g(x)=ax^2+24$ For the capacity $g$ characterized above, $a$ is a steady and $g(4)=8$. What is the estimation of $g(- 4)$? A) 8 B) 0 C) - 1 D) - 8 We can begin this issue by comprehending for the estimation of $a$. Since $g(4) = 8$, subbing 4 for $x$ and 8 for $g(x)$ gives us $8= a(4)^2 + 24 = 16a + 24$. Comprehending this condition gives us $a=-1$. Next, plug that estimation of $a$ into the capacity condition to get $g(x)=-x^2 +24$ To discover $g(- 4)$, we plug in - 4 for $x$. From this we get $g(- 4)=-(- 4)^2 + 24$ $g(- 4)= - 16 + 24$ $g(- 4)=8$ Our last answer is A, 8. Capacity Graphs A capacity chart question will furnish you with a previously diagramed work and ask you any number of inquiries about it. These inquiries will for the most part pose to you to distinguish explicit components of the chart or have you discover the condition of the capacity from the diagram. Inasmuch as you comprehend that $x$ is your info and that your condition is your yield, $y$, at that point these sorts of inquiries won't be as precarious as they show up. The base estimation of a capacity relates to the $y$-arrange of the point on the chart where it's most reduced on the $y$-pivot. Taking a gander at the chart, we can see the capacity's absolute bottom on the $y$-pivot happens at $(- 3,- 2)$. Since we're searching for the estimation of $x$ when the capacity is busy's base, we need the x-arrange, which is - 3. So our last answer is B, - 3. Capacity Tables The third way you may see a capacity is in its table. You will b

Approaches to the Analysis of Survey Data Essay Example for Free

Ways to deal with the Analysis of Survey Data Essay 1. Getting ready for the Analysis 1.1 Introduction This guide is worried about some essential thoughts of examination of information from studies. The conversation is at a measurably straightforward level; other progressively advanced factual methodologies are sketched out in our guide Modern Methods of Analysis. Our point here is to explain the thoughts that effective information investigators normally need to consider to finish a study examination task intentionally. A not well idea out examination procedure can deliver contrary yields and numerous outcomes that never get talked about or utilized. It can ignore key discoveries and neglect to pull out the subsets of the example where clear discoveries are obvious. Our short conversation is planned to help the exploration group in working deliberately; it is not a viable replacement for discerning and intensive work by specialists. We don't plan to show an absolutely naã ¯ve investigator precisely how to handle a specific arrangement of overview information. Nonetheless, we accept that where perusers can embrace essential review investigation, our suggestions will help and urge them to improve. Part 1 diagrams a progression of topics, after an early on model. Various information types are recognized in segment 1.2. Segment 1.3 glances at information structures; basic if there is one kind of testing unit included, and various leveled with for example networks, family units and people. In area 1.4 we separate out three phases of review information taking care of †investigation, examination and chronicling †which help to characterize desires and systems for various pieces of the general procedure. We differentiate the examination targets of portrayal or estimation (segment 1.5), and of comparisonâ (section 1.6) and what these suggest for investigation. Segment 1.7 thinks about when results ought to be weighted to speak to the populace †contingent upon the degree to which a numerical worth is or isn't vital to the understanding of overview results. In area 1.8 we layout the coding of non-numerical reactions. The utilization of positioned information is examined in a word in area 1.9. In Chapter 2 we take a gander at the manners by which scientists for the most part examine review information. We center essentially around plain techniques, for reasons clarified in segment 2.1. Straightforward single direction tables are regularly valuable as clarified in segment 2.2. Cross-arrangements (area 2.3) can take numerous structures and we have to think which are suitable. Area 2.4 talks about issues about ‘accuracy’ comparable to two-and multi-way tables. In segment 2.5 we quickly talk about what to do when a few reactions can be chosen in light of one inquiry.  © SSC 2001 †Approaches to the Analysis of Survey Data 5 Cross-organizations can take a gander at numerous respondents, however just at few inquiries, and we talk about profiling in segment 2.6, bunch investigation in segment 2.7, and markers in segments 2.8 and 2.9. 1.2 Data Types Early on Example: On an ostensible scale the classifications recorded, normally checked, are depicted verbally. The ‘scale’ has no numerical attributes. In the event that a solitary oneway table coming about because of basic summarisation of ostensible (likewise called all out) scale information contains frequencies:Christian Hindu Muslim Sikh Other 29 243 117 86 25 there is little that should be possible to introduce the very same data in different structures. We could report most noteworthy recurrence first instead of alphabetic request, or decrease the data here and there for example in the event that one differentiation is of key significance contrasted with the others:Hindu Non-Hindu 243 257 Then again, where there are requested classes, the grouping bodes well just in one, or in precisely the inverse, order:Excellent Great Moderate Poor Bad 29 243 117 86 25 We could decrease the data by consolidating classifications as above, yet in addition we can sum up, to some degree numerically, in different ways. For instance, tolerating a level of discretion, we may offer scores to the categories:Excellent Great Moderate Poor Bad 5 4 3 2 1 and afterward produce a ‘average score’ †a numerical pointer †for the example of:29 Ãâ€"5 + 243 Ãâ€"4 + 117 Ãâ€"3 + 86 Ãâ€"2 + 25 Ãâ€"1 29 + 243 + 117 + 86 + 25 = 3.33 This is a simple of the arithmetical figuring we would do if the classes truly were numbers for example family measures. 6  © SSC 2001 †Approaches to the Analysis of Survey Data A similar normal score of 3.33 could emerge from diversely designed information for example from rather progressively outrageous results:Excellent Great Moderate Poor Bad 79 193 117 36 75 Subsequently, likewise with some other pointer, this ‘average’ just speaks to one element of the information and a few rundowns will at times be required. A significant differentiation in measurable strategies is between quantitative information and different classifications exemplified previously. With quantitative information, the distinction between the qualities from two respondents has an obviously characterized and indisputable significance for example â€Å"It is 5C ° more smoking now than it was at dawn† or â€Å"You have two a greater number of kids than your sister†. Typical measurable strategies give some notable ways to deal with such information, and are educated in many courses, so we give them just passing consideration here. In this guide we center basically around different kinds of information, coded in number structure however with less obvious numerical importance, as follows. Double †for example truly/no information †can be coded in 1/0 structure; while absolutely clear cut or ostensible information †for example station or ethnicity †might be coded 1, 2, 3†¦ utilizing numbers that are simply subjective marks and can't be included or deducted. It is likewise basic to have requested downright information, where things might be evaluated Excellent, Good, Poor, Useless, or reactions to mentality articulations might be Strongly concur, Agree, Neither concur nor deviate, Disagree, Strongly oppose this idea. With requested all out information the number marks should frame a sane arrangement, since they have some numerical importance for example scores of 4, 3, 2, 1 for Excellent through to Useless. Such information underpins constrained quantitative investigation, and is frequently alluded to by analysts as ‘qualitative’ †this utilization doesn't infer that the elicitation system must fulfill a purist’s prohibitive view of what establishes subjective research procedure. 1.3 Data Structure Basic SURVEY DATA STRUCTURE: the information from a solitary round study, broke down with constrained reference to other data, can regularly be thought of as a ‘flat’ rectangular document of numbers, regardless of whether the numbers are checks/estimations, or codes, or a blend. In an organized study with numbered questions, the level document has a segment for each question, and a line for every respondent, a show basic to practically all standard measurable bundles. On the off chance that the information structure an ideal rectangular matrix with a number in each cell, examination is made moderately simple, however there are numerous reasons why this won't generally be the situation and level document information will be deficient or sporadic. Above all:-  © SSC 2001 †Approaches to the Analysis of Survey Data 7 †¢ Surveys regularly include ‘skip’ questions where areas are passed up a major opportunity if superfluous for example subtleties of spouse’s business don't exist for the unmarried. These emerge really, yet suggest various subsets of individuals react to various inquiries. ‘Contingent questions’, where not every person ‘qualifies’ to reply, frequently lead to conflicting appearing results consequently. In the event that the general example size is simply satisfactory, the subset who ‘qualify’ for a specific arrangement of unforeseen inquiries might be too little to even think about analyzing in the detail required. †¢ If a few respondents neglect to react to certain inquiries (thing non-reaction) there will be openings in the square shape. Non-instructive non-reaction happens if the information is absent for an explanation inconsequential to the genuine answers for example the questioner turned more than two pages rather than one! Educational non-reaction implies that the nonattendance of an answer itself reveals to you something, for example you are practically certain that the missing salary worth will be one of the most noteworthy in the network. Somewhat possibly useful non-reaction might be unimportant, if there is a lot of information. In the event that information are inadequate or if informativeâ non-reaction is visit, the investigation should assess what can be derived from realizing that there are instructive missing qualities. Progressive DATA STRUCTURE: another multifaceted nature of review information structure emerges if the information are various leveled. A typical kind of chain of command is the place a progression of inquiries is rehashed state for every youngster in the family unit, and joined with a family unit poll, and possibly information gathered at network level. For examination, we can make a rectangular level record, at the ‘child level’, by rehashing significant family unit data in independent lines for every youngster. Correspondingly, we can sum up data for the youngsters in a family, to make a ‘household level’ examination document. The quantity of youngsters in the family unit is generally an attractive piece of the synopsis; this â€Å"post-stratification† variable can be utilized to deliver sub-bunch examinations at family unit level isolating out families with various quantities of kid individuals. The manner in which the inspecting was done can affect translation or investigation of a various leveled study. For instance if kids were picked indiscriminately, families with more youngsters would have a more prominent possibility of incorporation and a basic normal of the family unit sizes would be one-sided upwards: it ought to be adjusted for determination probabilities. Progressive structure gets significant, and harder to deal with, if there are numerous levels where information are gathered for example government direction and designations of asset, District Development Committee translation

Iran Awakening Free Essays

Jessica Muhr May second, 2012 History of the Middle East â€Å"Iran Awakening† â€Å"One Woman’s Journey to Reclaim Her Life and Country† This book, â€Å"Iran Awakening†, is a novel composed by Nobel laureate Shirin Ebadi. Ebadi weaves an amazing narrative in an individual and one of a kind way, telling the record of the topple of the shah and the foundation of another, strict fundamentalist system in which restriction to the legislature are detained, tormented, and killed. By basically perusing the Prologue, one can see the affection Ebadi has for Iran and her kin. We will compose a custom paper test on Iran Awakening or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now This affection that Ebadi has for the mistreated of Iran is a topic that shows up all through the book and is by all accounts an enormous factor behind her drive to go to bat for the individuals who can't go to bat for themselves. In the principal section, Ebadi relates her youth from her introduction to the world on June 21st, 1947 in Hamedan, to her adolescence in Tehran. Something that may come as an amazement to a peruser was the fairness among male and female in Ebadi’s home. This equity, notwithstanding, was not basic in most Iranian families, â€Å"Male youngsters appreciated a lifted up status, ruined and cosseted†¦ They frequently felt themselves the focal point of the family’s orbit†¦ Affection for a child was an investment†, says Ebadi. In Iranian culture, it was viewed as normal for a dad to adore his child more than his little girl. In Ebadi’s home, however, she portrays her parent’s expressions of love, considerations, and control as similarly conveyed. This equity in the home appears to assume a huge job in making the solid, decided lady Ebadi would become, â€Å"My father’s supporting of my autonomy, from the play yard to my later choice to turn into an adjudicator, imparted a trust in me that I never felt intentionally, however came to view as my most esteemed legacy. † (Ebadi, 12). One may likewise think that its fascinating that as a youngster, Ebadi knew nothing of legislative issues; until the overthrow d’etat of 1953. On August nineteenth, 1953, the dearest Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadegh was toppled in an overthrow d’etat. Ebadi says that, as youngsters, this news amounted to nothing. In any case, the grown-ups could perceive what Ebadi, at that point, proved unable. The book clarifies that, to those of Iran who were not paid to suspect something, Mossadegh was respected as a patriot legend and the dad of Iranian autonomy for his striking move of nationalizing Iran’s oil industry which had been, up to that point, constrained by the West. In this manner, clearly this was the start of a tremendous change for Iran. Prior to the upset, Ebadi’s father, a long-lasting supporter of the PM, had progressed to become clergyman of horticulture. In this new system, Ebadi’s father was constrained out of his activity, destined to mope in lower posts for the remainder of his vocation. This was what caused a quiet of everything political in the Ebadi home. Entering graduate school in 1965 was a â€Å"turning point for me†, says Ebadi. The immense enthusiasm for Iran’s legislative issues was stunning to her in the wake of originating from a home in which governmental issues were never discussed. Subsequent to playing with considering political theory, Ebadi settled on seeking after a judgeship; which is actually what she did. In March of 1970, at the age of twenty-three, Ebadi turned into an appointed authority. In 1975, following a half year of becoming more acquainted with one another Ebadi wedded Javad Tavassoni. Her better half, in contrast to numerous Iranian men, adapted well to her expert desire. In the harvest time of 1977, there was, what Ebadi portrays as, a â€Å"shift in the avenues of Tehran†. The shah’s system was attempting to diminish the intensity of the legal executive by setting up the ‘Mediating Council’, an extrajudicial outfit that would have permitted cases to be decided outside of the conventional equity framework. A portion of the judges composed a dissent letter contending against the board, requesting that all cases must be attempted under the watchful eye of an official courtroom. This was the primary aggregate activity taken by the adjudicators against the shah. Ebadi marked the letter. In January of 1978, President Jimmy Carter showed up in Tehran, Iran and depicted it as a â€Å"island of stability†, something he later came to lament. Not long after President Carter’s explanation, a paper article forcefully assaulting Khomeini enlivened a revolt among the individuals of Iran, requiring his [Khomeini’s] return; the police shot into the group and murdered numerous men. By the late spring of 1978, fights had developed bigger, making it difficult to maintain a strategic distance from them. Toward the beginning of August, a jam-packed film in Abadan was scorched to the round. This awful occasion consumed 400 individuals alive. The shah accused this occasion for strict moderates; Khomeini denounced the SAVAK, the regime’s mystery police, which was a power of incredible ruthlessness against the government’s adversaries. This cata strophe pushed numerous Iranians against the shah. They currently understood that the shah was not only an American manikin. Ebadi herself says that she was ‘drawn’ to the resistance. She says that it didn't appear to be a logical inconsistency for her, an informed proficient lady, to back it (Ebadi, 33). She had no clue that she was supporting her own possible annihilation. Ebadi utilizes something near incongruity as she portrays a morning when she and a few appointed authorities and authorities raged into the clergyman of justice’s office. The pastor was not there, rather a frightened senior appointed authority sat behind the work area. â€Å"He gazed toward us in wonder and his look ended when he saw my face. â€Å"You! You surprisingly, what are you doing here? † he asked, puzzled and harsh. â€Å"Don’t you realize that you’re supporting individuals who will remove your activity on the off chance that they come to control? † â€Å"I’d preferably be a free Iranian over an oppressed attorney,† I countered intensely, profoundly affected. (Ebadi, 34) On January sixteenth, 1979, the shah fled Iran, finishing two centuries of rule by Persian lords. The roads were packed with euphoric residents, Ebadi herself being one of them. On February first, 1979, Khomeini came back to Iran. For about a month, the nati on of Iran remained in a precarious situation. In the greater part of the urban areas a crisis military had gone into quick impact and Khomeini had requested individuals to return into their homes by sunset with the guidance to go onto their rooftop at 9pm and shout, Allaho akbar, â€Å"God is greatest†. On February eleventh, Khomeini urged individuals to oppose the 4pm check in time the military had forced by coming out into the roads. Ebadi went into the boulevards, hearing hints of the shots resounding, and taking in the furious scene of feeling. The following day, the 22nd of Bahman on the Iranian schedule, the military gave up and the head administrator fled the nation. The nation celebrated, including Ebadi herself. She says, thinking back, she needs to snicker at the sentiment of pride that washed over her for it took hardly a month for her to understand that she had enthusiastically partaken in her own annihilation. Ebadi, 38) Merely days after the revolution’s triumph, a man named Fathollah Bani-Sadr was delegated temporary administrator of the Ministry of Justice. Anticipating acclaim from this man, Ebadi was stunned when he stated, â€Å"Don’t you believe that keeping in mind our cherished Imam Khomeini, who has graced Iran with his arrival, it would be bett er on the off chance that you secured your hair? † This headscarf â€Å"invitation† was the first in a long series of limitations on the ladies of Iran. In the wake of being endlessly for not exactly a month, Ebadi could as of now observe the progressions that had occurred in Tehran. The avenues were renamed after Shia imams, martyred pastors, and Third World heroics of an enemy of majestic battle. † (Ebadi, 41) Her kindred colleagues, male and female, were grimy and smelled. The tie had been restricted, being â€Å"deemed an image of the West’s shades of malice, resembling cologne flagged counterrevolutionary propensities, and riding to the service vehicle to work was proof of class privilege† (Ebadi 42). Gossipy tidbits spread that Islam banned ladies from being judges. Ebadi was the most recognized female appointed authority in the entirety of Tehran. Thus, after hearing these gossipy tidbits, she attempted to counter her concerns with her associations; yet even this little solace end up being futile. In the last long periods of 1979, Ebadi was successfully deprived of her judgeship. She determinedly stood, however a half year pregnant, as the advisory group carelessly hurled a piece of paper at her and stated, â€Å"Show up to the exploration office when you’re finished with your vacation†, her ‘vacation’ being her maternity leave. The men at that point started to discuss her as if she was not there, making statements like, â€Å"Without in any event, beginning at the exploration office, she needs a get-away! † another stated, â€Å"They’re disordered! what's more, another, â€Å"They’re so unmotivated; it’s clear they don’t need to be working! † †¦ The point Ebadi was attempting to make is clear by the recounting these announcements. Most men, particularl y those in the legislature, had lost what little regard they had recently held for ladies before the Revolution. That much, at any rate, appeared to be exceptionally clear. The post-Revolution’s impact on ladies was a dismal one. As Ebadi read in a paper piece titled â€Å"Islamic Revolution†, â€Å"the life of a woman’s was presently a large portion of that of a man (for example, if a vehicle hit both in the city, the money pay due to the woman’s family was half of that due the man’s), an oman’s declaration in court as an observer currently considered just half much as that of a man’s; a lady needed to request that her significant other consent separate. The drafters of the reformatory code had evidently

Performance Review Takes a Page from Facebook

As the world moves towards a more microwave method of working it is no big surprise that businesses are getting on board with the fleeting trend also. Beforehand, execution assessments have been tedious and to some degree repetitive. The issue of assessing a few employees’ execution for a whole year in just a couple months’ time can be very overpowering. Not exclusively is the undertaking threatening for the administrator or boss however it is very upsetting for the worker moreover. In earlier years, the presentation assessment was an uneven errand and the representative had no information at all by they way they were being investigated. As significant as the assessment is to the workers increase in salary it is bewildering that their information would not have been remembered for the past. So regularly the representative would just observe the ultimate result and need to sign whether they concurred with the outcomes or not. This causes a lot of disappointment and can cut down the assurance of the worker, making them feel like they are overlooked and that their sentiment doesn’t matter. In light of these realities the organization Accenture has built up an informal communication apparatus to some degree like Facebook considered Performance Multiplier that will help the business just as the worker in the exhibition assessment process. Concur or differ with this announcement and give motivations to your reaction. â€Å"If you have normal discussions with individuals, and they know where they stand, at that point the exhibition assessment is possibly superfluous. † Performance Multiplier is an instrument where representatives can post announcements, photographs, and a few week after week objectives that can be seen by individual staff members. The objective of Accenture was to give a program that made the exhibition assessment progressively vote based. Not exclusively does the representative get the chance to have an influence in the assessment procedure however they additionally gain the opportunity to get accommodating knowledge all year on the most proficient method to improve their exhibition. In a fun and to some degree easygoing way the business and worker get the chance to change a procedure that used to be feared into something charming and less pushing. While I do accept that the ordinary discussions by means of the site are advantageous to the exhibition assessment process I don't accept that it ought to supplant it through and through. As I would see it what the to and fro discussions by means of locales like Performance Multiplier does is help the representative and manager in perceiving how the worker is advancing. Contingent upon what objectives are set and achieved toward the year's end the entirety of this data ought to be arranged and afterward utilized as an establishment for reviewing the general execution. I consider Performance To be as an approach to see where you stand and afterward attempt to exceed expectations starting there. You should in any case be reviewed on how well you took the criticism and information and executed it into your regular employment execution. On the off chance that each of the a business did was discussion to the representative to and fro and never assessed how well the worker used the criticism then the whole procedure was an exercise in futility. To pick up understanding into how great of a worker you have you should break down the means they take towards improving. Look into the conceivable viability of the informal organization execution survey to the accompanying age gatherings: veterans, children of post war America, Gen X, and Gen Y. While a few people appreciate the chance to utilize a person to person communication instrument to connect with their manager and get knowledge into how well of a vocation they are doing, there will be those that will oppose the adjustment in procedures and issue about having more work to do when they are sufficiently working. The generational holes in the work environment will likewise represent a difficult when attempting to execute the new intelligent exhibition instrument. There is no doubt as far as I can tell that Generations X and Y will adjust to the new framework and use it with a receptive outlook. Then again the Baby Boomers and Veterans won't be so ready to acknowledge the better approach for assessing their activity execution. Veterans and Baby Boomers originated from a time where the best development in innovation accompanied the print machine so they are not used to utilizing PCs and exploring through web crawlers by means of the overall web. These representatives figured out how to utilize present day office hardware like fax machines, multiline phones, and even PCs yet they are not keen on sharing their life on the web. Interestingly Generation X and Y have encountered the convergence of such innovations as the Internet, Ipod, and gaming frameworks like the Wii. Those people are utilized to innovation and can adjust decently fast which is the specific inverse of their partners. â€Å"The greatest result of these informal organization style devices may end up being better execution by the chief. † State whether this announcement legitimizes the time and cost of executing these frameworks and give a basis. At whatever point an organization needs to actualize another framework they should go into an agreement with the engineer of the framework and pay a powerful add up to utilize the administration. Before any agreements are marked or cash is traded the business investigates the item and examines the insights of how well different organizations have finished with the framework. The business must feel that the finishes will legitimize the methods for embracing the new framework into the ordinary outstanding task at hand. The objective of apparatuses like Performance Multiplier is to give the representative criticism from upper administration. For this situation I would concur that by utilizing the device the manager should accomplish more work than has been done previously. Both representative and business should cooperate yet the obligation of making the apparatus work depends on how well the manager handles the data gave from the worker. The person in question will be compelled to improve their relational abilities when managing their workers. O’Toole states: â€Å"It has been said that Americans are progressively exhausted. † Discuss whether interpersonal organization type assessments help or thwart the exhausted American. Legitimize your reaction. The facts demonstrate that in today’s economy most organizations are working with far less representatives than they have had previously. Now and again one representative is accomplishing crafted by a few workers. This makes the worker feel a little overpowered and in some cases exhausted. Despite the fact that this might be genuine I don’t feel that utilizing a long range informal communication instrument to assess execution will add any more worry to the work day than is as of now being experienced. The time it would take to refresh a status or post an inquiry takes no additional time than most Americans spend in the lunchroom fixing some espresso. Helping yourself become a superior representative ought to merit the couple minutes week after week that it would take to make the apparatus work for the two gatherings included. All in all, adjusting to change isn't generally the least demanding undertaking to achieve. When managing representatives who traverse four ages that errand turns out to be much harder. Past ages are utilized to how they have gotten things done previously and the new ages are up for any test you toss at them in the event that they believe they will profit by it. It is dependent upon the business to make the progress as smooth as workable for the worker. By the day's end both business and representative ought to be happy with the outcomes.

How SSRIs Are Used to Treat Social Anxiety Disorder

How SSRIs Are Used to Treat Social Anxiety Disorder Social Anxiety Disorder Treatment and Therapy Print How SSRIs Are Used to Treat Social Anxiety Disorder By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Daniel B. Block, MD on January 23, 2020 twitter linkedin Daniel B. Block, MD, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania. Learn about our Medical Review Board Daniel B. Block, MD Updated on February 15, 2020 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Science Photo Library / Robert Brook / Getty Images Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are usually the first choice of medication for treating social anxiety disorder (SAD). SSRIs affect your brain chemistry by slowing re-absorption of the neurotransmitter serotonin, a chemical that we think helps to regulate mood and anxiety. Types There are several SSRIs that may be recommended in treating SAD including the following. Each medication is listed by the brand name followed by the generic name in parentheses: Celexa (Citalopram)Paxil (Paroxetine)Prozac (Fluoxetine)Lexapro (Escitalopram)Luvox (Fluvoxamine) Zoloft (Sertraline) Three SSRIs, Paxil, Zoloft, and Luvox CR have been approved by the FDA for treating social anxiety disorder. All three medications have been shown in clinical studies to offer improvement of symptoms. Paxil was the first SSRI to receive FDA approval and is still often prescribed. However, the medication that works for one person doesnt always work for another. So, your doctor will work with you to find the right prescription for you. The Best Treatments for Social Anxiety Disorder Usage Your doctor will give you specific instructions on how to take your medication. It is important that you follow these directions. Generally, you will take an SSRI once a day, usually in the morning. Your doctor will usually prescribe a low dose at first, which will be increased gradually. The dose that you require does not necessarily relate to the severity of your symptoms. Sometimes it is simply a reflection of your unique metabolism. It may take several weeks for you to notice an improvement in your symptoms. Side Effects SSRIs are generally the preferred medication for SAD because the side effects tend to be well-tolerated. However, several possible side effects include the following:?? Sleep problems: drowsiness, fatigue or insomniaSexual dysfunction: decreased sex drive, delayed or absent orgasm, erectile dysfunctionPhysical ailments: skin rashes, dry mouth, headaches, nausea, dizzinessAnxiety-like symptoms: irritability, nervousness, shaky hands, sweatingEating problems: weight gain or loss, loss of appetite If you have great difficulty with side effects, your doctor may decide to prescribe a different SSRI. In general, lower initial doses that are gradually increased reduce the chance that you will have bad side effects. Curbing the Side Effects of Antidepressants Advisories/Warnings SSRIs should never be taken at the same time as monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). The results of such a combination can be fatal.?? In addition, never start taking one of these medications within weeks of stopping the other. Although rare, it is possible during the initial phase of treatment for symptoms to worsen rather than improve. It is important to monitor symptoms during this time and report any negative changes to your doctor. In 2004, the FDA released an advisory concerning SSRIs and risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors, particularly in children and adolescents. In addition to the FDA advisory on suicidal thoughts, there has also been an advisory released regarding the use of triptans for migraine headaches in combination with SSRIs.?? In combination, there is a risk of serotonin syndrome, a potentially life-threatening condition. In general, it is important to inform your doctor of all medications, both prescription and nonprescription, that you are already taking. Stopping Treatment SSRIs should always be discontinued under the supervision of a medical professional. Abruptly stopping these medications can result in a relapse of anxiety symptoms and serotonin withdrawal symptoms, including trouble with coordination, tingly sensations, vivid dreams, flu-like symptoms, anxiety, and depressed mood.?? To avoid these serotonin withdrawal symptoms and the possibility of relapse, SSRIs should always be gradually tapered off.

Ethics in Business - Free Essay Example

à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Business ethics (also known as corporate ethics) is a form of applied ethics or professional ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that arise in a business environment. It applies to all aspects of business conduct and is relevant to the conduct of individuals and business organizations as a wholeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . (www.wikipedia.org) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Business ethics comprises the principles and standards that guide behaviour in the world of business. Investors, employees, customers, interest groups, the legal system, and the community often determine whether a specific action is right or wrong, ethical or unethical.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Ferrell. Fraedrich. Ferrell. 2008, p. 6) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Aristotle said, The end and purpose of the polis is the good life. Adam Smith categorized the good life in terms of material goods and intellectual and moral excellences of character. Smith in his The Wealth of Nations commented, All for our selves, and nothing for other people, seems, in every age of the world, to have been the vile maxim of the masters of mankind.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (www.wikipedia.org). Ethical misconduct has become a key concern in business today. Ethics is the main area of corporate governance, and management must take responsibility for their actions on global community scale. Ethics in business and shareholders desires for profitability are not always put on the same pedestal, and it is the responsibility of the executive management to ensure ethics surpass profitability. The 2008 financial crisis initiated critics to inquire about the ethics of the executives who were put in charge of large financial institutions around the world and financial regulatory bodies. Finance ethics is usually not looked into because issues in finance are often seen as matters of law rather than ethics. In the simplest way corporate ethics is a lawful matter. Laws such as protecting workersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ rights and suitable compensations must be top priority for management. Ethics becomes more difficult with the way things are done in particular practices, which makes it important to be aware of how certain steps may affect the community in a bad way. Managers are the key decision-makers, which is why they must be held responsible for the way the business is run and the affect it will have on shareholders, employees and the community in which it operates. Business ethical customs reflect the customs of each historic period. As time passes customs evolve, causing accepted behaviours to become intolerable. Business ethics and the subsequent behaviour evolved as well. Business was involved in what drove slavery, colonialism, and the cold war. Before 1960, the United States went through several difficult phases of wondering what the concept of capitalism was. In the 1930à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s came the New Deal, which blamed businesses for the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s fiscal woes. Businesses were asked to work more thoroughly with the government to help increase family income. Through the 1950s, the New Deal advanced into the Fair Deal which was an ambitious set of proposals put forward by President Harry S Truman. This program made clear matters such as civil rights and environmental responsibility as ethical issues that needed to be addressed by businesses. Up until the 1960s ethical issues associated to business were often discussed within the field of theology or philosophy. Moral issues that were related to business were now addressed in churches and mosques. Religious leaders started to speak out about fair wages, labour practices, and the morality of capitalism. During the 1960s, the American society turned to causes about social issues. Antibusiness attitude developed as people attacked the individuals in power that got benefits from the economic and political sides of society that they controlled. The 1960s saw the deterioration of inner cities and the beginning of ecological problems such as pollution and the disposal of toxic and nuclear wastes. This era also saw the rise of consumerism. The word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"business ethicsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ came into common use in the early 1970s in the United States. It was developed as a course to study in the 1970s. The foundation that certain principles could be applied to business activities which were laid down by theologians and philosophers led to business lecturers start teaching and writing about corporate social responsibility (CSR) which can be defined as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a form of corporate self-regulation integrated into a business model.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (www.wikipedia.org). Philosophers increased their participation, putting together ethical theory that will help to build the discipline of business ethics. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Companies became more concerned with their public images and as social demands grew, many businesses realized that they had to address ethical issues more directly.à ƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Ferrell, pg. 13). Conferences where scheduled to discuss the responsibilities that businesses had socially and also ethical aspect of business. By the end of the 1970s, key ethical issues such as bribery, misleading advertising and price collusion had formed in the business. Business ethics became a common expression thanks to the media and it was no longer considered as an oxymoron. Limited efforts were made to explain the way the ethical decision-making process would work and also the things that would influence this process in organisations. Firms started emphasizing their ethical standing in the late 1980s and early 1990s, probably trying to distance themselves from the business scandals of the day. Academics and practitioners started to acknowledge à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"business ethicsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ as a field of study. In the 1980s, the Defence Industry Initiative on Business Ethics and Conduct (DII) which was developed to give a guide to organisations about su pport for ethical conduct. This era was the Reagan-Bush era where the belief of self-regulation was seen to be in the publicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s interest. In the 90s it was all about the institutionalization of business ethics. President Bill Clinton and his administration continued to show support for self-regulation and free trade. Unprecedented actions such as teenage smoking were dealt with by the government. Proposals included prohibition of cigarette advertising, and stopping sports events from using cigarette logos during advertisement. President Clinton chose Arthur Levitt to be the chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission in 1993. Levitt who ineffectively pushed many reforms which could have prevented the accounting ethics scandals demonstrated by Enron and WorldCom. The 2000s had a new focus on business ethics. This era brought in the many scandals that shook the business world to this day. Although business ethics was seen to have become more institutionali zed in the 1990s, in the 2000s evidence came out that more than a few business executives and managers had not been compiling with the publicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s desire for high ethical standards. For example, the former CEO of Tyco Dennis Kozlowski was indicted on thirty-eight counts of misappropriating $170 million of Tyco funds and netting $430 million from inappropriate sales of stock. Dennis Kozlowski pleaded not guilty to all the charges. He allegedly used the funds to purchase personal luxuries such as art for $14.725 million, also throw his wife a $2 million birthday party and also bought a $30 million apartment in New York City. He was found guilty and sentenced to serve eight years and four months to twenty-five years in prison for his role in the scandal. Arthur Andersen, which was a holding company and formerly one of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Big Fiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  accounting firm. In its role as Enronà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s auditor, they were responsible for make sure that En ronà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial statements and internal bookkeeping were accurate. The firm after been found guilty of criminal charges in the way the auditing of Enron was conducted gave up their licenses to practice in the US. The reputation of the accounting firm disappeared over night, also most of its clients left, and the firm went out of business, but it still exists in a small way today. The verdict was overruled by the Supreme Court of the United States. Most of the other accounting firms bought most of the practices of Arthur Andersen. Other companies such as Halliburton, WorldCom, Dynegy and Sunbeam where faced with charges about employing certain accounting practices and they were also audited by Arthur Andersen. One of the few revenue-generating assets that the Andersen firm still has is Q Centre, which is a conference and training facility outside of Chicago. Accenture which is a consultancy firm separated from the accountancy side of Arthur Andersen in 1987 and renam ed themselves after splitting in 2000, still continues to operate and it is one of the largest multinational corporations in the world. These accounting scandals really confirmed to the public that falsifying financial reports and reaping questionable benefits had become part of the culture of many companies. Firms outside the United States such as Royal Ahold in the Netherlands and Parmalat in Italy, also were caught out in practicing accounting misconducts from a global perspective. Such scandals increased public and political demands for accountability and to also improve ethical standards in business. The Enron Corporation was created in 1985 out a merger of two major gas pipeline companies. Through its subsidiaries the company provided products and services associated with natural gas, electricity, and communications for its wholesale and retail customers. It was based in Houston, Texas. It generated, transmitted and distributed electricity to the north-western United States and marketed other commodities such as natural gas globally. It was also involved in the growth, construction, and operation of plants, pipelines, and other energy-related projects all over the world. Throughout the 1990s, Chairman Kenneth Lay, chief executive officer (CEO) Jeffrey Skilling, and chief financial officer (CFO) Andrew Fastow transformed Enron from an old-style electricity and gas company into a $150 billion energy company and Wall Street favourite that traded power contracts in the investment markets. From 1998 to 2000, Enronà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s revenues grew from about $31 billion to more than $100 billion, making it the seventh-largest company of the Fortune 500. The wholesale energy income represented about 93 percent of 2000 revenues for Enron, with another 4 percent coming from natural gas and electricity. The remaining 3 percent came from broadband services and exploration. The companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s worldwide internet trading platform Enron Online completed on average over five thousand transactions per day, buying and selling over eighteen hundred separate products online that brought in over $2.5 billion in business every day. For the third quarter of 2001, Enronà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s whole-sale business generated a potential $754 million of earnings (before interest and tax). This was an increase of 35 percent from the previous year. This represented over 80 percent of Enronà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s worldwide sales. There was no reason to doubt that Enron was not financially stable in the third quarter of 2001 but it was later reported after a bankruptcy examiner examined their financial reports that there was a discrepancy in their net income and cash flow accounts. On October 22, 2001 Enron announces that the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has launched a formal investigation into its related partyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s transactions. Enronà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s corporate culture was described by people using words such as arrogant or prideful. Enron only employed competent, creative and hardworking employees who were the best and brightest graduates and they were recruited from top universities. Enron employees had thus belief that competitors had no chance against it. There was an overwhelming confidence among Enronà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s people that they could handle the increasing risk and pressure that came with the job. The culture of Enron was about a focus on how much money could be made for the people at the top, at many levels, that shared in a stock option incentive program. Enronà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s aggressive employee culture was motivated by the desire to improve their financial position. Skilling brought in a system where employees were appraised every six months and if the employees ranked in the bottom 20 percent they were let go. This system called the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"rand-and-yankà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ helped create a fierce environment in which employees didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t only compete with riv als outside the company but also the rivals at the next desk to them. Problems in the trading operation were covered up and not told to management because of the fear of losing their jobs. Lay who was the chairman always maintained that he was concerned with ethics. In his indictment the business ethics issue was that he lied about the financial conditions of Enron, but he maintained that he openly dealt with all issues that were brought to his attention. During 2001, when a series of revelations were revealed involving improper accounting procedures bordering on fraud committed throughout the 1990s involving Enron and its accounting company Arthur Andersen, Enron suffered the largest bankruptcy in history which has been surpassed by those of WorldCom during 2002 and Lehman Brothers during 2008. Off-balance-sheet financing called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"special-purpose entitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (SPEs) which were the write-offs and the losses not disclosed were the main thing that turned Enron into a disaster. Fastow the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s then CFO said that Enron established the SPEs to help in the moving of assets and debt off its balance sheet so as to increase cash flow by showing that funds were flowing through its books when it sold assets, while in a meeting with Enronà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s lawyers in August 2001. Critics believed they might constitute fraudulent financial reporting because they didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t accurately represent the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s true financial condition. Most of the SPEs at Enron were alleged to be entities in name only, and that Enron funded them with its own stock and maintained control over them. After the crash of Enronà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s stock price, assets that were associated with the SPE system had to be written off. This cost Enron over $1.2 billion in equity in late 2001. Enron filed for bankruptcy and faced twenty-two thousand claims totalling $400 billion. For some time it appeared that Dynegy migh t save the day by providing $1.5 billion in cash but when Standard Poor downgraded Enronà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s debt below investment grade on November 28, $4 billion in off-balance-sheet debt came due and Enron didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have the resources to pay. Dynegy terminated the deal. Fastow and his wife, Lea, both pleaded guilty to charges against them. Fastow pleaded guilty to two charges of conspiracy and was sentenced to ten years with no parole in a plea bargain to testify against Lay and Skilling. Lea was indicted on six felony charges, but prosecutors later dismissed them in favour of a single misdemeanour tax charge. Lea was sentenced to one year for helping her husband hide income from the government.